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Crux simplex
The crux simplex is an instrument of torture and execution recognized by modern authors as one of the types of crosses that existed in the ancient world. In the sixteenth century the scholar Justus Lipsius (1547–1606) qualified itself in his book ''De cruce libri tres''. Most recently as archaeologists and historians like Joe Zias, (Antiquities Museum Jerusalem) and Frederick T. Zugibe have recognized that the ''crux simplex'', consisting of only a vertical beam without crossbar, "in fact is a kind of crucifixion". This type of cross"was the easiest available way to torture and kill criminals". Indeed it isthe most common form of crosses used by the Persians, Assyrians, Seleucids and Phoenicians.
== Etymology ==
The word ''crux'' in Latin, referred in classical Rome to a wooden instrument for executions, "wood, tree or frame in which it is impaled, fixed or hanged criminals." 〔T. Lewis, Charlton; Short, Charles, ''A Latin Dictionary''. Harper and Brothers publishers. New York in 1879. Oxford University Press.() ()〕
At the same time, the Latin word comes from the Indo-European root ''ger'' or ''kar'' (with meaning "twist", "crooked", "hooked", "squeezed").〔(Dizionario Etimologico Online ) 〕
Patrick Farbairn, in ''The Imperial Bible Dictionary'' states that "even among the Romans the crux (from which our cross is derived) appears to have originally been a stick upright, and this always remained the more prominent part". Josephus wrote in The Jewish War: "the soldiers out of rage and hatred, had fun nailing their prisoners in different postures".〔 "The Jewish War" 5:451-452)〕 By implication the word ''crux'' took the metaphorical meaning of severe torment.
抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』
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